Saturday 18 January 2014

ARGENTINA



THE TWO WORLDS OF 
BUENOS AIRES: MACRI'S LEGACY OF 
INEQUALITY

Inequality is nothing new in Latin America; the region has long occupied the unenviable position of being considered the most unequal area in the world. However, the human face of inequality is nowhere more apparent than in Buenos Aires, the capital of Argentina. Buenos Aires is a study in contrasts: the splendid Libertador Street, punctuated with  art museums, luxury malls, and expensive apartments, stands at points directly across the train tracks from the improvised housing of the villas miserias, or shantytowns. Below Rivadavia Street, as the noted Argentine novelist Jorge Luis Borges put it,  “the South begins,” a land of impoverished suburbs and slums.
Buenos Aires is a maze of overlapping jurisdictions. 
The metro area numbers some 13 million people, nearly 40 percent of the country’s population, but the city’s mayor, Mauricio Macri, presides over a jurisdiction which includes just  3 million residents. The problem has proven too much for Macri, who has demonstrated indifference towards the task of develop a working relationship with either provincial or national governments. Moreover, Macri and his Propuesta Republicana Party (Republican Proposal, PRO) seem solely interested in projects that benefit the affluent, clearly neglecting the issues of poverty alleviation, environmental cleanup, and improvement of substandard housing. The people of Buenos Aires deserve better. Only with immediate and decisive action can  improvement come for the lived experience of the city’s poor.
Background Information: 
ARGENTINES "INVISIBLE OPPOSITION", CONSISTING OF SELF - SEEKING ONE MAN SHOWS, MANIPULATED BY LOCAL MEDIA GIANT TO OPPOSE THE GOVERNMENT

MEDIA BIAS IN ARGENTINA

MAIN STREAM MEDIA INFLUENCE IN ARGENTINA

Figure 1: Average incomes in Districts of Buenos Aires (Monthly, in Argentine Pesos, with darker colors representing higher incomes) Source: Buenos Aires City Government – http://www.ssplan.buenosaires.gov.ar/MODELO%20TERRITORIAL/WEB/modelo_territorial.html
Figure 1: Average incomes in Districts of Buenos Aires (Monthly, in Argentine Pesos, with darker colors representing higher incomes)
Source: Buenos Aires City Government – http://www.ssplan.buenosaires.gov.ar/MODELO%20TERRITORIAL/WEB/modelo_territorial.html

The lines of inequality are starkly delineated in the city,  following the North (rich) and South (poor) gradient (see Figure 1). Levels of income disparity in Buenos Aires have grown steadily, along with a 35 percent jump in poverty in the Greater Buenos Aires area, over a 16 year period. Poverty rates rose from 12.7 percent in 1986 to 49.7 percent of the population in 2002, just after Argentina’s economic crisis, according to government statistics. U.N. Habitat estimated the city’s Gini coefficient, a measure of inequality with 0 being total equality, everyone with the same income, and 1.0 being perfect inequality, one person has all the income, at .52 in 2005. This measure, compared to Quito’s .49 and London’s .34, places Buenos Aires  in the category  “among the most unequal in the world” according to the United Nations. The wealth of the highest decile of the population of the city is equal to 28.3 times that of the poorest. Another way of capturing this inequality is to look at city  real estate prices. The cost of one square meter of land in a rich neighborhood is 116 percent higher than a meter in a poor one.  As many as 10 percent of the city’s residents live in informal and improvised housing, lack access to public services, and live in crime-riddled communities. These problems reflect dire circumstances, but the city’s government has many of the necessary tools to successfully address them.
Background Information: 
ARGENTINA, BARELY 30 YEARS OF DEMOCRACY, A YOUNG NATION TRYING TO FIND ITS BEARING 


Overlapping Jurisdictions

Buenos Aires has been an autonomous region since 1996, when the national government gave up its control over the appointment of the city’s mayor. Today the Buenos Aires mayor is regarded as the third most important political position in the country, after the president and the governor of Buenos Aires province. Macri, scion of a wealthy family and former manager of the popular Boca Juniors soccer club, took office in 2007 after an effective electoral campaign that portrayed him as “business friendly”. The position of mayor is a powerful one, as shown by Figure 2, affording Macri a great deal of independence.
Figure 2: From C40 Cities. Illustrates Macri’s government’s power Source: C40 Cities – Climate Leadership Group – http://c40.org/c40cities/buenos-aires
Figure 2: From C40 Cities. Illustrates Macri’s government’s power
Source: C40 Cities – Climate Leadership Group – http://c40.org/c40cities/buenos-aires
Macri is also  the country’s main opposition leader, and this status has figured into his drive to keep the city of Buenos Aires fiercely autonomous. 
Macri’s policies have moved closer and closer to practices of “city diplomacy,” in which cities, as opposed to central governments, engage in international diplomacy. Scholar Roger Van der Plujim notes that “[i]n instances where local interests are very much represented by central governments, the perceived need by cities to engage in city diplomacy is more limited than in those instances where local interests are less represented.” Essentially, if city leaders do not feel that their interests are represented at the national level, they increasingly have the power and inclination to seek support internationally. On September 17, at an address at the Center for Strategic and International Studies in Washington D.C., Carlos Pirovano, Economic Development Advisor to Mayor Macri, noted that his administration does not even hold meetings with the country’s central government, lead by Christina Fernández de Kirchner, nor with the provincial authorities of Governor Daniel Scioli. Clearly, the local interests of Buenos Aires are not represented at the national level. Following the framework of Van der Plujim, city diplomacy would then become much more important for Buenos Aires, which must look beyond the national government for diplomatic support. Pirovano’s visit to the United States indicates that Macri’s city government has begun to do just that.
Background Information: 
ARGENTINA COULD RELAPSE INTO RECESSION BY 2014

These steps are allowing the Buenos Aires city government to set its own terms without having to negotiate with a complicated set of national actors. Macri has the institutional and diplomatic power as mayor to enact sweeping changes on addressing poverty issues in the city. However, he has made neither just nor efficient use of the power at his disposal, and has failed to address the  problems the city faces.
Fundamentally, Macri has spent his time and the city government’s funds on urban planning projects that benefit already well-to-do Argentines. As William Kinney noted in his piece, “COHA Spotlights CSIS Roundtable Discussion with Macri’s Economic Advisor” for the Council on Hemispheric Affairs, Macri’s strategy for urban development has revolved around designating different “districts” within the city for a certain categories of economic activity. The artistic neighborhood of Palermo, for instance, was designated as a “film district,” with tax and infrastructure incentives for further development of the film industry. Carlos Pirovano highlighted the importance of these initiatives, especially in the southern neighborhood of Parque Patricios, which was designated as a “technology district.” This neighborhood, which is one of the city’s poorest, has seen a 200 hectare development of office buildings and the growth of technology sectors, with 158 new businesses moving into the zone.  Pirovano also noted that increased security in Parque Patricios had led to reduced use of “paco” (crack cocaine) in the area.
While these are worthy enough projects, the jobs created are largely destined for well-educated middle and upper-class Argentines, not those who live in the neighborhood, severely limiting any poverty-alleviation impact from these measures. Indeed, many of the development districts, like the film district in Palermo, are located in already affluent areas of the city. In addition, this emphasis on the development of individual districts has corresponded with a cutback in funds available for other important projects.
The proposed 2014 city budget indicates the lowest spending on social housing in the last decade, a 19 percent reduction from last year and part of a trend of declining funds for those living in improvised and informal housing
This budget received harsh criticism from Daniel Filmus, senator for the ruling Frente Para la Victoria (Front for Victory, FPV) party, who charged that the measure could only result in “lowering salaries, lowering social spending, and increasing debt.” Meanwhile, the budget for the city’s Ministry of Social Development will also be reduced by $20 million USD for next year. These cuts have been put into place despite the fact that it is estimated that 350,000 people in the city are living in a situation of “housing emergency.” Educational organizations in the city, like Igualdad Educativa (Education Equality), have also criticized the 2013 budget’s emphasis on subsidies for private schools. 
The sums destined for private schools exceeded the funds allocated to the Subcommittee for Education Equality, an organization charged with increasing inclusion and equality in public education in Buenos Aires, indicating a powerfully regressive approach to education.
Macri is failing in other ways. Lamentably, his  government has dragged its feet on the logistics of a cleanup of the Matanza -Riachuelo River along Buenos Aires’ southern border. The site is infamous,  recently mentioned on Time Magazine’s list of 10 most polluted places. 
A dumping ground for tanneries and other industrial sites, the Riachuelo is heavily contaminated with zinc, lead, copper, nickel, and chromium. Many of the two million people who live along its banks rely on the river for their drinking water, putting their health in jeopardy. While cleanup efforts have begun with an edict from the country’s Supreme Court and with the help of $840 million USD from the World Bank, efforts to relocate more than 2,400 families away from unsafe living conditions on the banks have been stalled by  bureaucratic infighting. Furthermore, a recent report by Acumar, a local government agency, noted the reappearance on the banks of more than 70 percent of the waste that previously had been cleaned from the river’s banks. Finally, the city has not yet addressed the sad fact that there are only 35 inspectors for the more than 16,000 companies located along the river, slowing the pace of clean-up work. The effort could last nine more years and the total cost could be in the billions of dollars, but, as the effects will be felt by only the city’s poorest, cleanup has yet to become a key priority for Macri’s PRO party. These dereliction's of duty on the part of the PRO in Buenos Aires take on grander significance when their aspirations toward national office are taken into account.
Macri’s Political Future

 “En todo estás vos”

Macri’s PRO is currently the fourth-largest political party in Argentina, after Peronism, the social liberalism of the Unión Cívica Radical party, and the socialist Frente Amplio Progresista party. The PRO party’s political victories in Buenos Aires demonstrate that Macri has caught the imaginations of Argentina’s urban elite. The trouble is, however, that the mayor of Buenos Aires is clearly more concerned with image and “business-friendliness” than with the real needs of his poorest constituents. The city’s website is dedicated to burnishing Macri’s self image,  presenting a sunny image of the city where on every street corner, happy Buenos Aires residents bask under banners declaring  “En todo estás vos” (you are in the middle of everything). Perhaps Macri believes this, perhaps he thinks that the benefits of his urban planning projects will “trickle down” to the city’s poor, but up to this point, it does not appear to be working. At rallies and other events, youth from the city of Buenos Aires chant “Macri, basura, se fue la dictadura” (Macri, you’re trash, the dictatorship is gone). If Macri has future political aspirations, as he apparently does, he must learn to incorporate the needs of those outside his rosy bubble of “modernity.”
By Thomas Abbot via Eurasia Review

4 comments:

  1. Hi Roy,

    It's a good article, apparently written several months ago since Filmus is not anymore a senator.

    Macri caters mainly to the lower middle, middle and upper middle class Europe-looking imaginary, with a vision of society in which the citizen interacts with its suroundings (institutions, neighbors, etc.) mainly as a consumer and an individual. Buenos-Aires dwellers (porteños) are skeptical on heavily organized social initiatives, such as Peronism, and rely on Twitter and Facebook for organizing demostrations.

    On the contrary, the outskirts of Buenos Aires are much poorer than the city but its social fabric is much stronger. Poor dwellers organize better through a panoply of social organizations (sport and social clubs, school boards, groups of addicted-teens moms, etc.) in order to get their agenda moving, and Peronism suits them better as a more efficient political structure.

    This porteño's "World vision" that explain many inconsistencies on their political behaviour. For instance, they could tolerate a very inefficient, vacations-prone mayor such as Macri, prefering him to a politician more aligned with the federal government, which most porteños reject since the success of Peronism unavoidably entails a loss of social status of wealthy porteños (less room for tax evation, subsidies gong mainly to the poor, etc). However, given that Macri's performance was extremely low as an administrator (in health, education, social housing, to name a few), other politicians also opposing the federal government but more leant towars "social democracy" may take the lead on Buenos Aires in 2015.

    These politicians, organized into a coalition called UNEN, show a very unstable support from voters. They may reap 5 representatives one election and 1 the following one 2 years later, only to regain 4 or 5 reps 4 year later. This is consistent with a media-prone conception of politics (image broadcasted by media, instead of a more terrotorial-prone conception of politics as developped by Peronism) in which leaders are far more important than the political organizations that support them. Once these leaders lose voters sympathy due to some scandal, parties supporting them fail miserably the following elections. That doesn't happen with Peronism, in which organization is more important than leaders (contrary to the Western depiction of Peronism as a Mussolini-style of Fascism in which the leader overwhelms the party organization). (continues)

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    Replies
    1. Hi Andres, these articles about ARGENTINA might interest you:
      ARGENTINA, BARELY 30 YEARS OF DEMOCRACY, A YOUNG NATION TRYING TO FIND ITS BEARING

      http://geopoliticsrst.blogspot.co.at/2012/11/argentine-evolution.html

      Opposition lacks unity thus uses corporate media to oppose the government

      http://geopoliticsrst.blogspot.com.ar/2012/04/argentina-country-without-visible.html

      Enjoy

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  2. As of Macri's future, it doesn't look any rosy: He was bumped from his role as hard opposer to the federal government by Massa, a Peronist who cut ties with the federal government and doesn't look as anti popular as Macri does. Also, Macri can hardly show any sucess in districs beyond Buenos Aires (just a few reps won in Cordoba and Santa Fe), not enough to set a national leadeship role necessary to become president.

    But his most important limitations come from courts and politics. Macri is currently prosecuted for supporting an illegal ring of spys on politicians, entrepreneurs, and even his own family members, as well as for organizing a violent mob focused on evicting homelesses from unoccupied buildings (UCEP affair). Since he cannot seek reelection after 2015, he won't be able to use his mayor position to avoid prosecution and media silence after 2015, so he may go to jail afterwards.

    His own party is showing a significant lack of strenght when his name is not in the voting list. On October 2013, PRO won the local election for a very slim margin on reps (34% to 32% to UNEN) and wider in senators (39% to 27% to UNEN). Even if senator Gabriela Michetti emerges as Macri's most possible sucessor on top of PRO, she is far from securing the mayor seat on 2015. And if PRO loses the next mayor election, the days of Macri as a politician are definitely over.

    One last comment: On the mayoral powers graph, waste is shown as a strong issue for the BA mayor, but that's not accurate. BA has no landfills to dig its waste and has to negotiate agreements with the outskit districs to get its waste processed. The mayor may decide what waste-truck company to hire but cannot decide where and how trash is disposed.

    Thanks,

    Andres

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  3. Hi there, enjoyed your article particularly considering that Argentina is now experiencing grave economic problems following years of corruption.

    Just to let you know the photograph you have published of the stencil of Mauricio Macri is the copyright of Buenos Aires Street Art.
    We have no problem you publishing it on your website on the condition that you please provide a photo credit to Buenos Aires Street Art and backlink to our website www.buenosairesstreetart.com
    you can see the original post here
    https://buenosairesstreetart.com/2011/08/01/macri-political-graffiti/
    Kind regards

    ReplyDelete